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Receptor Specific Enkephalins

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 12:05:33 GMT

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Receptor Specific Enkephalins

Definition

The enkephalins are two pentapeptides with pharmacological properties similar to narcotic drugs. These peptides are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). There are two fully processed peptides: Met-enkephalin (YGGFM) and Leu-enkephalin (YGGFL), with methionine and leucine as C-terminal amino acid.

Discovery

In 1974 John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz of Scotland discovered that enkephalins are produced in the brains of vertebrates, serving as a kind of opioid receptor and regulating pain pathways leading from peripheral nerves to the brain 2.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Exendins and Fragments

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 12:03:56 GMT

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Exendins and Fragments

Definition

The exendins are peptides that are found in the salivary secretions of the Gila monster and the Mexican Bearded Lizard, reptiles that are endogenous to Arizona and Northern Mexico. Exendin-3 is present in the salivary secretions of Heloderma horridum (Mexican Beaded Lizard), and exendin-4 is present in the salivary secretions of Heloderm suspectum (Gila monster)

Related Peptides

The GLP-1 structurally related peptides exendin-4 and exendin (9-39) amide were found to act, in rat liver and skeletal muscle, as agonist and antagonist, respectively, of the GLP-1 (7-36) amide effects on glucose metabolism 2.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Laminin Fragments

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 12:02:28 GMT

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Laminin Fragments

Definition

Laminins are the main constituents of basement membranes. These are heterotrimeric glycoproteins composed of a, ß and ? chains held together by disulfide bonds.

Discovery

Laminins were initially discovered by Timpl and Martin in 1979, from a murine fibrosarcoma

Mode of Action

Laminin is one of the main glycoproteins of the basement membrane and participates in a series of such biological phenomena such as adhesion, migration, cellular differentiation and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton upon its binding to several components of the matrix, such as collagen type IV, heparin sulphate and entacin

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Leptin and Fragments

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 12:00:42 GMT

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Leptin and Fragments

Definition

Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone originally discovered in adipose tissue where it acts as a satiety factor in signalling whole body energy balance.

Discovery

In 1950, at Jackson Lab the effects of leptin were observed while studying obese mice with random mutation

Structural Characteristics

Leptin of humans has 146 amino acid sequence containing one disulphide bond. Its molecular weight is around 16 kDa. Leptin has 67% sequence identity among diverse species.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Leucokinins

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:58:40 GMT

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Leucokinins

Definition

The leucokinins are small insect neuropeptides which were originally isolated from head extracts of the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae. They stimulate the contractions of the cockroach's lower digestive tract.

Discovery

Identification of leucokinins and their cognate receptors has been successfully undertaken in cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, including the genetically tractable Dipteran, Drosophila Melanogaster, progress has been made in studies of leucokinin signalling in biomedically relevant insects.1, 2, 3.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Leucopyrokinin and Fragments

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:57:26 GMT

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Leucopyrokinin (LPK) and Fragments

Definition

Leucopyrokinin (LPK) is a myotropic substance originally isolated from head extracts of the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae.

Discovery

The first investigations into the role of neuropeptide hormones in insect physiology was by Kopec in 1917 and the first report of the isolation and sequence analysis of an insect neuropeptide was in 1975. Since then a large number of insect neuropeptides that have been identified

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

MART-1 Peptides

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:54:28 GMT

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MART-1 Peptides

Definition

MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells) is an antigen expressed by melanoma cells. Antibodies against the antigen are used in the medical specialty of anatomic pathology in order to recognize cells of melanocytic differentiation, useful for the diagnosis of a melanoma.

Discovery

MART-1 was discovered by two groups of researchers who independently sequenced the gene for this antigen in 1994. Both names are currently in common use. Kawakami et al., at the National Cancer Institute coined the term MART-1, which stands for "Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T-cells." Coulie et al., of Belgium called the gene Melan-A, an abbreviation for "melanocyte antigen." MART-1 is a widely shared melanoma antigen recognized by the T lymphocytes of patients with established malignancy 1, 2. In the case of melanoma, MART-1 has lineage-specific protein expressed in ~75–100% of primary and metastatic melanomas depending on their clinical stage 3.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Pancreatic, Pancreastatin

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:53:04 GMT

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Pancreatic, Pancreastatin and Chromogranin A Polypeptides

Definition

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a hormone produced by endocrine cells of the duodenal pancreas.

Pancreastatin (PST) is a regulatory peptide with a general inhibitory effect on secretion, is derived from chromogranin A, a glycoprotein present throughout the neuroendocrine system. Chromogranin A (CgA) is also referred to as secretory protein I, is an acidic protein expressed by many neuroendocrine cells and neurons.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Prion Protein Fragments

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:51:24 GMT

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Prion Protein (Prp) Fragments and Prion Disease Related Products

Definition

A prion is a proteinaceous infectious particle that lacks nucleic acid.

Discovery

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) remained a curious, rare neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology for more than three score years. Only the transmission of CJD to apes by inoculation of brain extracts from patients who had died of CJD initiated a path of scientific investigation that was to demystify that fascinating area of biomedicine 1. In 1982 Prusiner had purified the hypothetical infectious prion, and that the infectious agent consisted mainly of a specific protein. Prusiner coined the word "prion" as a name for the infectious agent 2. While the infectious agent was named a prion, the specific protein that the prion was composed of is also known as the Prion Protein (PrP), though this protein may occur both in infectious and non-infectious forms.

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

Protein tyrosine kinases

Thu, 03 Dec 2009 11:49:17 GMT

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Protein tyrosine kinases

Definition

A prion is a proteinaceous infectious particle that lacks nucleic acid.

Discovery

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis, organic laboratory technique, antibiotic peptides

pTH-Related Protein Sequences

Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:11:07 GMT

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pTH-Related Protein Sequences

Definition

Parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP), a peptide hormone derived from normal and tumor cells that regulates bone metabolism and vascular tone, is a naturally occurring angiogenesis inhibitor.

Discovery

PTHrP was discovered in association with certain types of cancer that caused elevated blood Ca2+ levels (a syndrome called humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, or HHM) in affected patients

Structural Characteristics

The mature PTHrP of teleost fish is 161 amino acids long 2. There are regions of high conservation across all the vertebrates, including 22 of the first 34 amino acids, which suggest they interact with the common PTH/PTHrP receptors. Other regions of high conservation are 11 of the 18 amino acids of the Arg-rich RNA binding region 3 and 7 of the 15 amino acids of the nuclear localization sequence 4. Comparison of the COOH-terminal region of PTHrPs reveals it is much shorter in fish than in tetrapods

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis

Renin Inhibitors

Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:10:20 GMT

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Renin Inhibitors

Definition

Renin inhibitors represent an alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) for the treatment of hypertension. They inhibit the renin-angiotensin system at its first and rate limiting step, the renin-angiotensinogen reaction

Related Peptides

Renin can be inhibited by peptides derived from its prosegment. The design of compounds based on pepstatin and on angiotensinogen sequence has led to very potent and specific human renin inhibitors. Such inhibitors are active by the intravenous route in primates but still lack of good oral activity

Tags: custom antibody, custom peptide synthesis, custom sirna synthesis

Substance P, Analogs and Fragments

Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:04:39 GMT

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Substance P, Analogs and Fragments

Definition

Substance P (SP) an undecapeptide, is abundant both in the periphery and in the CNS, where it is usually co-localised with one of the classical neurotransmitters, most commonly serotonin (5- HT)

Related Peptides

SP belongs to a family of neuropeptides known as tachykinins that share the common C-terminal sequence: Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The three most common tachykinins are SP, neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB); their biologic actions are mediated through specific cell-surface receptors designated NK1, NK2, and NK3, with SP the preferred agonist for NK1 receptors, NKA for NK2 receptors, and NKB for NK3 receptors

Discovery

SP was originally discovered in 1931 by von Euler and Gaddum as a tissue extract that caused intestinal contraction in vitro; its biologic actions and tissue distribution were further investigated over subsequent decades

Tags: substance p, analogs and fragments

Syndyphalins

Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:03:30 GMT

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Syndyphalins

Definition

Syndyphalins are enkephalin-like synthetic tripeptides with analgesic action

Discovery

Kiso, et al., in 1981, synthesized tripeptide hydroxyalkylamide derivatives in order to obtain more stable and potent ENK analogues and reported that a simple peptide, Tyr-D-Met(O)-Gly-MePheol, named 'syndyphalin(SD)-25' was 23300 times and 9 times as active as morphine in the in vitro assay using guinea pig ileum and in the tail flick analgesic test after administration, respectively

Structural Characteristics

Syndyphalin-33: Tyr-D-Met(O)-Gly-MPA; (Tyr-D-Met(O)-Gly-N-methylphenethylamide;Syndyphalin-25: Tyr-D-Met (O)-Gly-MePheol.

Tags: syndyphalins

Thymopoietin (TP) Fragments

Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:02:29 GMT

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Thymopoietin (TP) Fragments

Definition

Thymopoietin (TP) was originally isolated as a 5-kDa, 49-amino acid protein from bovine thymus in studies of the effects of thymic extracts on neuromuscular transmission and was subsequently observed to affect T-cell differentiation and function 1.

Related Peptides

The pentapeptide thymopentin (TP5), which represents the active sequence of the originally described TP. TP was identified as a fragment of the thymopoietins (TMPOs), a family of nuclear proteins 2. Three alternatively spliced mRNAs encode three distinct human T-cell TPs. Proteins encoded by these mRNAs have been named TPa (75 kDa), TPß (51 kDa), and TP? (39 kDa), which contain identical N-terminal regions, including sequences nearly identical to that of the originally isolated 49-amino acid protein, but divergent C-terminal regions

Tags: thymopoietin (tp) fragments